Nat

WEBVTT

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[SPEAKER_01]: Ahoi, and welcome aboard the Afro-Tails package.

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[SPEAKER_01]: I am in Greel, among Mazinga.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Here to guide you through captivating tales rooted in the histories of indigenous and African-distant peoples across the Americas and the Caribbean.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But the journey that is not in doubt, I, Chef, will share a delicious recipe and spy it by their stories you have just had.

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[SPEAKER_01]: So, with no further ado, let us set sail on this new age of exploration.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Nat Turner.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Benjamin Turner owned a farm in Southampton County, Virginia, near the dismal swamp, where a group of one-aways known as The Outliers live.

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[SPEAKER_01]: These runaways, unlike the maroons who tried to establish distance and hidden communities were bandits who, under the cover of night, slipped back to the plantations to steal and terrorize both whites and blacks.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Although they were outlaws, the Allies were free, and that turns father was probably one of them.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Nat Turner was born on October second,

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[SPEAKER_01]: The year of Gabriel's conspiracy and Denmark besties freedom.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Nat's paternal grandmother, old Bridget, helped raise him after his father ran away.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Probably to the dismal swamp.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Nat's mother, Nancy, was from Africa, brought to Virginia in seventeen ninety-five, and purchased by Turner in seventeen ninety-nine.

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[SPEAKER_01]: They strengthened me

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner said of his family.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Old Bridges was wise and gave the boy her knowledge of roots and herbs for healing purposes.

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[SPEAKER_01]: That's mother believed in the old ways from Africa.

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[SPEAKER_01]: She believed in reading prophetic signs.

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[SPEAKER_01]: She must have seen something in that birth, because according to him,

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[SPEAKER_01]: She told me I was here for some great purpose.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In eighteen ten, Turner's Master died, and his son Samuel became his master.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In eighteen twenty two, Nat Turner married Cherry, but was then sold to Thomas Moore for four hundred dollars and taken to his farm near flat swamp in the western part of the county.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Guy was Reese, a neighbor of Moore's butcherry.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When Moore died in eighteen twenty-eight, twenty-eight year old, and that term became the property of Moore's nine-year-old son, Putnam.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Some sources state Putnam was an infant.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The widow Sally Moore then married Joseph Travis who became Master of the House in eighteen twenty-nine.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Thus, in eighteen thirty-one, Nat Turner, the Lily still owned by the child Putnam,

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[SPEAKER_01]: was under the authority of Joseph's Travis.

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[SPEAKER_01]: How a slave was treated was dictated by the master's own belief and personality.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If he was a cruel person by nature, he was cruel to his slaves as well.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If he was prone to be kind and fair, he might deal with his slaves in the same manner.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Against the advice of some masters, Benjamin and Samuel Turner had allowed their slaves to worship with the whites, but in a separate seed arrangement.

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[SPEAKER_01]: As a child, Nat had it in the treasury, and in the process he had learned to read and write.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He also thought he might like to become a preacher himself.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When that was in his early teens, he began having dreams.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Before long, his dreams were daylight visions, in one, as he described it.

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[SPEAKER_01]: White spirits, and black spirits, burned gazed in a battle, and the sun was in darkness.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The thunder rolled in the heavens, and blood flowed in the streams, and I heard a voice

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[SPEAKER_01]: Such is your luck, such you are called to see.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And let it come rough and smooth, you must surely bear it.

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[SPEAKER_01]: His ability to

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[SPEAKER_01]: Sea things may turn a special among the slaves.

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[SPEAKER_01]: They looked up to him and saw his advice.

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[SPEAKER_01]: With the knowledge his grandmother had taught him about healing, roots and herbs, turned up became a well-respected root doctor.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He was a fine preacher as well.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He was a loner, never drank, smoked or swore.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And always, he was even tempered, calmed, and helpful.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Sometimes, Nat ran away to the woods where he could meditate and read.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He always came back, so his master never worried much about where he was or how long he was gone.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Contrary to what people said of him, he was not a maniac, full of rage and anger.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He was a man with a purpose, and that purpose was freedom, and he had a plan.

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[SPEAKER_01]: On Monday, August, twenty-second, eighteen-thirty-one, Nat Turner and sixth fellow slaves began an insurrection that would rock the foundation upon which slavery was built.

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[SPEAKER_01]: After Turner was captured, some months later, Thomas R. Gray, a lawyer, local horsepower,

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[SPEAKER_01]: and owner of Round Hill Plantation, North East of Jerusalem, in a view Turner, before and during his trial.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Later, Ray published the Confessions of Nat Turner, a pamphlet containing the story of Nat Turner's rebellion from his own point of view.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Some say Gray was motivated by the prospect of making money.

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[SPEAKER_01]: For he was in debt.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Others say he wanted to be part of history.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And still others felt he was genuinely interested in getting the story.

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[SPEAKER_01]: For whatever reason Gray was inspired to write the confessions of Nat Turner.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Give us a great deal of information about the man.

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[SPEAKER_01]: According to Turner, he had been divinely inspired to lead a rebellion.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He said, when he walked through the field, he saw blood in the leaves, and he heard the welling of voices in the winds.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When he saw a sign in the heavens, and the seal was removed from my lips, and I communicated that great works laid out for me to do.

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[SPEAKER_01]: This is how the insurrection came about according to his confession.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Nat said since he was considered a preacher, he was allowed to attend funeral and worship services with his master's permission.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Nat used this opportunity to recruit men to join him.

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[SPEAKER_01]: At first, he set July fourth, eighteen, thirty-one, as the day of attack.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But he became ill, probably from anxiety.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The time passed, hunted by indecision and down, turned delayed the attack again.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Then on August XIII, there was an eclipse of the sun.

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[SPEAKER_01]: This was turned his last sign.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The black spot had passed over the sun.

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[SPEAKER_01]: So, with the black's pass over the earth.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He said August twenty-second.

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[SPEAKER_01]: as the day of the revolt.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The date was forty years to the day of the slave uprising that launched in the Haitian Revolution.

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[SPEAKER_01]: On the night of August, twenty-first, Turner, along with the slave's name, Henry, Hart Travis, Nelson Williams, and Sam Francis, had a barricut near Giles Reese's farm, Kevin Porn.

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[SPEAKER_01]: At midnight, according to plan, they went to the Travis place where they killed the family.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Took all the weapons and munitions and horses, they could find and recruited several slaves to join them.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Moving to the next house, they did the same thing.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Their best ally was darkness and surprise.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But even as they left the Travis farm, one of the slaves had slipped away.

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[SPEAKER_01]: and hurried to Nathaniel's Francis' farm to warn him.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner and his rebel army marched toward the town of Jerusalem across not-away river.

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[SPEAKER_01]: There, he hoped to make the army supply deeper.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Once the arms were captured, Turner planned to raid the larger plantations, recruit others, then escape into the dismal swamp, where they could find a community and lead guerrilla warfare on the plantations.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner's numbers had increased to about fifty mounted and armed slaves.

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[SPEAKER_01]: At James Park's farm, less than three miles from Jerusalem, Turner's men met with armed opposition.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In addition, a larger militia unit arrived within the half hour.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Some of Turner's men scattered, several were wounded and captured.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Several more were killed.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner retreated in order to regroup

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[SPEAKER_01]: The roles were blocked to Jerusalem now, so Turner's only hope was to hit the larger plantations where he might get fresh crews.

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[SPEAKER_01]: W. Back to Bellfield and Greensville County.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner, with about three dozen men at his side, exchanged bodies with the militia at Major Thomas Ridley's Plantation.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Once again, Turner's men suffered hits in some runaway.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Needing to rest, Turner stopped to sleep.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Many of his men used his opportunity to slip away.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When he woke, Turner had less than twenty men still ready to stand with him.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In desperation, Turner moved against Dr. Simon Blunt's plantation, but he ran into stiff resistance there.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Three of his men were killed.

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[SPEAKER_01]: At about ten o'clock that morning, Turner sent his last four men to four different farms with the hopes that they could get recruits.

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[SPEAKER_01]: They were to meet him at Cabin Pond with whoever would come back.

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[SPEAKER_01]: On Wednesday morning, when Turner arrived, there was no one there except a malicious patrol.

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[SPEAKER_01]: On this, I gave up hope for the present.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He said,

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[SPEAKER_01]: and he made his way to a nearby cave where he stayed for almost six weeks.

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[SPEAKER_01]: While Turner was still at large, the South fell into a fit of fear and outrage.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Information about Nat Turner's rebellion has always been exaggerated.

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[SPEAKER_01]: by both blacks and whites.

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[SPEAKER_01]: White's in Petersburg, Virginia, reported about five hundred slaves, remarking their way.

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[SPEAKER_01]: People were sure that Turner and his army, waiting in the swamps, ready to sweep down on people and murder them in their sleeve.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The thought of old net coming in the night kept more than a few masses awake at night.

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[SPEAKER_01]: enslaved totally traveler at the time, certainly that blacks could not have conced or carry out such a revolt by themselves led the authorities to start looking for whites who might have helped.

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[SPEAKER_01]: They were poised and ready to find a conspirator anywhere they could.

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[SPEAKER_01]: and led to some unfortunate situations involving innocent people.

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[SPEAKER_01]: An Englishman was overheard to say that the blacks, like any other man, were entitled their freedom.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He was dragged from the stage coat, stripped naked, beaten, then forced to walk in the town.

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[SPEAKER_01]: A poor white man was caught with a copy of William Lloyd Garrison's deliberator, an abolitionist newspaper.

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[SPEAKER_01]: in his home, and was thrown into jail in charge with sedition.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Much of the worry was based on the unknown extent of the rebellion.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One slaveholder reported that the slaves were out of control over in Sansps and County and Dublin County in North Carolina.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In Alabama, there were stories about Indian and Black conspiracies.

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[SPEAKER_01]: violation of white womenhood were a particular concern.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The fact is women and children had been killed, but none were raped.

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[SPEAKER_01]: According

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[SPEAKER_01]: to a story in Eugene, Genevieve.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In the slavery votes of the Hemisphere as a whole, rape occurred rarely despite the blacks having had extreme provocation in the constant violation of their own women by whites.

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[SPEAKER_01]: No one has found evidence of a single rape during the revolt in the United States.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Virginia Governor, John Floyd's proclamation of September, seventeen, eighteen, thirty-one, offered five hundred dollars for the capture of Nat Turner.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He was described as the contrival and leader of the late insurrection.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Stories had made Turner seem like a giant, but he was only about five feet, six inches tall, and according to the warning poster, he had several distinguishing scars.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One on his temple caused by a mu-kick and one near his right wrist by a blow.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner managed to elude and extensive man-on until midnight topper.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When two slaves were out hunting and their dog discovered his camp, the slaves recognized Turner and fled.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Knowing he could not stay there, he found another hiding place underneath a fallen tree.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He was pursued for several more weeks before Benjamin Fipps, captured Turner on Sunday, October thirty, and took him to jail.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He played not guilty because he didn't feel guilty.

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[SPEAKER_01]: After hearing evidence, Judge Jeremiah Cobb called for the prisoner to rise.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner, a man with broad shoulders and thinning hair, pulled himself straight to receive his sentence.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Death, he never flinched.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Turner was hanged November, eleven, eighteen, thirty-one.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Stories about Turner's borderline on the Bazaar.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The most controversial event surrounding Turner's death was about what happened to his body.

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[SPEAKER_01]: some whites swore that on the bottom of his foot there appeared a W. Those who saw it said it might have stood for war.

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[SPEAKER_01]: A local doctor dissected his body to see if there was some biological reason for his rebellious nature.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Parts of Turner's body were then passed out as souvenirs.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In the quarters, slaves told the story that Turner said it would storm after his death.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And it did rain.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Followed by a long dry spell.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Folks started calling the drought, Nats revenge.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Naturally, contrasting tales grew up around his name and his deeds.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Among whites he was feared and hated, slaves honored him.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Slay owners forbade slaves to speak his name, and they were not allowed to name their children, Nat, or Turner.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And to make it clear to all future Nat-turners, John Hampton, Pleasant, made the slaveholders position quite clear.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In the Richmond Constitutional Week, Pleasant's

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[SPEAKER_01]: Let the fact not be doubted by those whom it most concerns that other such insurrection will be the signal of the extermination of the whole Black population in the quarter of the state where it occurs.

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[SPEAKER_01]: It is interesting to note that Governor Floyd wrote in his diary November twenty first eighteen thirty one that he wished to have a law passed gradually abolishing slavery in his state more than a few people in the South as well as the North

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[SPEAKER_01]: We're leaning toward that solution, but slaveholders were the ruling class and they controlled the state houses.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Like Pharaoh whose heart was hearted when Moses told him to let my people go, slaveholders would not budge when it came to any form of abolition.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If Virginia had begun a gradual emancipation process, other states might have followed.

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[SPEAKER_01]: especially in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Maryland.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In history, might have been quite different.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Wow, so that was an interesting story.

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[SPEAKER_01]: It comes from the book, Rebels Against Slavery,

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[SPEAKER_01]: American slavery world by Patricia C. McKissack and Frederick L. McKissack senior.

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[SPEAKER_01]: I've had this book for a very long time now and never really thought about doing an episode from it.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But with Juneteenth just passing and the Fourth of July coming up, it made sense to do a story.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now, my initial plan was to just do, you know, a nice little freedom folk tale, like I normally do, but something kept eating at me to do that Turner.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And I'm glad I did it.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If you've seen the movie Birth of a Nation, the

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[SPEAKER_01]: sixteen version by the artist just a the actor Nate Parker then you probably remember some of these scenes that I just read to you there's also a book about people eating net turners body after he was killed

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[SPEAKER_01]: And one, I think that's horrific, that to think about people being cannibals at the time, and it makes me wonder how many other

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[SPEAKER_01]: enslaved Africans were eaten, you know, for trying to get free.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now, don't get me wrong.

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[SPEAKER_01]: I do not support or

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[SPEAKER_01]: say that you should kill anybody.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But when you are in a time of slavery and when they're preaching from the Bible as to why you should be a slave, and we know people, beautiful people like to say an eye for an eye.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Well,

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[SPEAKER_01]: a few, you know, slave masters dying in this rebellion would not equate to the amount of enslaved Africans and indigenous people.

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[SPEAKER_01]: We're killed throughout slavery, you know what I mean?

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[SPEAKER_01]: I'm not gonna get too deep into this.

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[SPEAKER_01]: This is a very heavy subject.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Then I will put a disclaimer on this episode that it might not be

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[SPEAKER_01]: depending on the age of the child.

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[SPEAKER_01]: You might not be ready for this story.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But if you feel your child is ready, then please let him listen to it.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One thing I do want to say is

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[SPEAKER_01]: Maybe it's the climate that we live in today and that part about how people reacted after the rebellion and trying to, let me just, let me just read it again.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Here we go.

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[SPEAKER_01]: White's in Petersburg, Virginia, reported that five hundred slaves were marching their way.

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[SPEAKER_01]: People were sure that Turner had an army waiting in the swamps, ready to sweep down on the people and murder them in their sleep.

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[SPEAKER_01]: that we would call the guilt of, I would be honest, they say they call a white guilt.

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[SPEAKER_01]: You know what I mean?

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[SPEAKER_01]: You think, and don't get me wrong, he very much could have if the, and this is just personal, the traitor wouldn't have informed the slave master.

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[SPEAKER_01]: to this day we have people still with that mindset not to have unity but we're not going to get political right here okay um but yeah and also that i love this word he played not a guilty because he didn't feel guilty because why would you

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[SPEAKER_01]: You've seen these people kill, destroy, and harm your families, murder your kids, murder your spouses, and then you get retribution for that.

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[SPEAKER_01]: justified murder in most cases.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If you think about it, how during reconstruction, the clan and people would kill and lynch black people just for looking at white women or looking at them wrong or speaking up for themselves.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Of course, he's not going to feel guilty.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When, you know, he's seen so much done to him.

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[SPEAKER_01]: And I had to agree with him.

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[SPEAKER_01]: He wasn't guilty, you know.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But that is supposed to be held up for God to, you know, judge those who have done wicked.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But I guess sometimes, people have to take things into their own hands.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If I lose a few listeners after this episode and this analysis I understand, it's a tough one.

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[SPEAKER_01]: It's tough to do the real stuff and not just the mythological and folklore.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Every now and again, I'll throw one of these in there.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Just keep going your toes.

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[SPEAKER_01]: All right.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Well, by all means, go see Chef.

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[SPEAKER_01]: No, he won't have any human remains for you to eat.

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[SPEAKER_01]: But I'm pretty sure I'll have a wonderful, wonderful recipe.

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[SPEAKER_01]: This was a dark episode and very much needed to remind us of what people can do, what people will do.

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[SPEAKER_01]: All right?

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[SPEAKER_01]: So until next time, till we meet again on this voyage, as always, have a blessed day.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Welcome to the gallery.

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[SPEAKER_01]: I am your chef, chef, and today we have a wonderful recipe inspired by the stories you have just heard.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Today we will be creating colored greens with cornmeal dumplings.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now, what will you need for this delicious recipe?

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[SPEAKER_01]: For this smoky, so stock.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Two smoked hamhacks or smoked turkey wings, your preference.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Two medium-quartered onions.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Four celery stalks, including leaves, halfed.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Two carrots, trimmed and quartered.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Two garlic cloves, beer and smash.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Half a teaspoon of black peppercorns and two bellies.

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[SPEAKER_01]: for the greens and tomatoes.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One and a half quarts of smoky, so stock.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Half a couple chopped onions.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One garlic clove minced.

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[SPEAKER_01]: One pound of garlic greens.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Two small dried red chili peppers.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Or one teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes.

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[SPEAKER_01]: record us a teaspoon of salt plus more for taste black pepper half a cup of all purpose flour one and a half cups costly ground cornmeal one teaspoon baking powder one teaspoon granulated sugar and two tablespoons unsalted butter and of course salt to taste

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now, how to put this together.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Easy.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Making the smoky, so star.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In a large heavy store, bring three coats of water, the smoked meat, onions, celery, carrots, garlic, peppercorns, and bay leaves to a boil.

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[SPEAKER_01]: reduce the heat and simmer.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Partially cover until the flavors are well blended about two and a half hours.

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[SPEAKER_01]: The broth developed a stronger flavor the longer you let it simmer.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now remove the meat from the broth.

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[SPEAKER_01]: When cool enough to handle, pull it off the bones.

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[SPEAKER_01]: discard the skin fat and bone.

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[SPEAKER_01]: We do not need them.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Chop the meat and reserve for another use.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Use a fine mesh sieve to strain this down.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Refrigerate the stock until the fat flows to the top.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Use a slotted spoon to skim off the fat and discard.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Store the stock tightly covered in the fridge or freezer.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now, to make the colour greens with cornmeal dumplings.

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[SPEAKER_01]: In a saucepan, bring the stock on own and garlic to a bowl over high heat.

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[SPEAKER_01]: reduce the heat, cover and simmer while preparing the greens.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now thoroughly and I repeat thoroughly wash the greens and trim away these stems if desired.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Discard these stems all chopped small.

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[SPEAKER_01]: stack three to four leaves on a cutting board and roll tightly into a log.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Slice the greens crosswise into a quarter inch wide ribbons.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Place the greens and the chillies in the broth and return to simmer.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Now you may cook covered for about one and a half hours.

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[SPEAKER_01]: for very tender greens that is.

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[SPEAKER_01]: If you may cook them less, if you have young greens or prefer greens with more chew season to taste, we'll salt and black pepper.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Spoon out about one coat of a potlicker that is the cooking broth and set aside.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Meanwhile, in a small bowl,

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[SPEAKER_01]: with together the flower, cornmeal, baking powder, sugar, and a three-quarters teaspoon of salt in a smaller saucepan melted the butter and the reserved potlicker and heat to just below boiling.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Remove the potlicker mixture from the heat and whisk half of it, half a cup

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[SPEAKER_01]: into the dry ingredients add more if needed one tablespoon at a time now let's start for five minutes when cool enough to handle use wet finger tips to shape the dough into six dumplings or you may use a big spoon to do this now

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[SPEAKER_01]: During the last fifteen minutes of the college cooking time, carefully drop the cornmeal dumpling into the pot of grains, making sure the dumplings rest in the pot later.

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[SPEAKER_01]: cover the port and simmer until the dumplings are cooked through about ten to fifteen minutes should do now you serve the greens and dumplings in a bowl with plenty of port liquor and that is it my friends now go do what you do make this recipe yours and until I have another one for recipe for you

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[SPEAKER_01]: Remember the rebellion of Nate and his story.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Until next time, my friends, as always, enjoy!

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[SPEAKER_01]: and that brings an end to another voyage.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Made these tales inspire, connect, and nourish your soul, just as Chess dish fills your belly.

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[SPEAKER_01]: Until next time, keep exploring, learning, and sharing the ancestors' stories, fair winds, and following seas.